Summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Summary - Assignment Example The new smart phones are in approach of anyone these days. There are many other forms of applications like multimedia, games applications through which a person can pass his/her time. Therefore, in real they can keep information of their credit cards, tickets and can have storage of electronic cash and much more than this. In simple it also plays a role of electronic wallet. The article highlights and discusses about the technologies which are now leading to the highest peak of growth in the 3rd generation of mobile networking. Some of the new mobile and terminals technologies discussed by the authors in the article are discussed below: Mobile networks and their development: Most of the mobile services are based on the second generation (2G) and these services made possible to transfer the data and services through wireless telecom network e.g. (GSM) as â€Å"Global System for Mobile communications†, (GPRS) as â€Å"Global Packet Radio Service†, (HSCSD) as â€Å"High S peed Circuit Switched Data†, (SMS) as â€Å"Short Message Service† and many other. The International Telecommunication Union system changed the standard in 2000, called International Mobile Telecommunications. The main idea of this change was to make enable the services such as, (video streams, animations, pictures, etc.). According to the authors, as the advancement is continuously being made in the ground of mobile networking, the plans have started on the development of 4G which will be completed by 2012. One of the main reasons for the differences in networks generation is of the capacity available to the customers. The current 2G is providing the capacity of min of 14.4 kbps and max to 57.6 kbps and then 3G network will be having the capacity of more than 2Mbps. 2G has a big hand in supporting the E-Commerce through WAP technology which brought in Internet to the handsets. Another rising technology is Bluetooth. It can be used for small transmission of information on ad hoc basis form point to point (Tsalgatidou, Veijalaninen, Markkula, Katasonov, and Hadjiefthymiades, 2003). Mobile Terminals: Smart-phones are the name given to the new introduction of mobiles. And this is because their features can be added or deleted or can even be modified. In most of the new smart-phones, GPRS, Bluetooth and MMS services are available and also the availability of inbuilt or attachable camera with the high color display resolution is there. Internal memory of megabytes is another added innovation in these mobiles for high storage which also is supported by external memory chip normally known as memory card. The Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) has played an important role in putting a standard in mobiles, its services and applications. Java, MMS and XHTML are the most important technologies of OMA. In order to provide extra securities to mobile services, MeT was established to provide high security and more innovations to mobile transaction (Tsalgatidou et al., 2 003). Positioning systems of LBS: LBS, â€Å"Location Based Services†, require a specific positioning for mobile terminals. Geocoding is a system which offers positions for mobile terminal and is divided into three main classes: satellite positioning, network-based positioning and, local positioning. All these different positioning systems differ in their techniques, features and reliability. Satellite Positioning: Satellite positioning system is a system which uses satellites revolving around the earth and

The Relevance of J.D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye in Modern Times Essay Example for Free

The Relevance of J.D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye in Modern Times Essay Its highly intriguing that years after its publishing, The Catcher in the Rye remains such an intriguing novel to teachers, students, and the general population alike. Yet through analyzing the main themes of the book, one can deduce that although the slang and fashion might be outdated, The Catcher in the Rye is still relatable and relevant. This can be primarily attributed to the constant theme of teenage angst and desire for rebellion, a common feeling spurred amongst the young for decades. The book also remains relevant because of the history behind the book as well as the culture it has created. Regardless of opinions however, J.D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye, although written half a century ago, maintains relevance in this time as a coming of age novel that opens perspectives and boldly exposes themes that were once tabooed in the American society. To begin, Holden has primarily maintained relevance in the modern age because he continues to give a voice to the youth of our society. Taking a tone of rebellion, Holden separates himself from the society that is so illegitimate in his eyes, and seems to form a realm of his own within his mind. This primarily entails his disrespect for most adults and the rules they make for everyone. You can see Holdens disdain for adults during his conversation with Mr. Spencer, [] I could shoot the old bull to old Spencer and think about those ducks at the same timeYou dont have to think too hard when you talk to a teacher. (Salinger 18). The aspect of Salingers novel that is most relevant to youth today is how it shows teenage years as a time of conflict and change. Conflict is found not only between a teenager and their society, but also between other people, and even within themselves. Holden seems to despise his environment, mocking others as phonies and criticizing actions and events everywhere. Says Holden about a friend of Sallys, [] he went to Andover. Big, big dealHe was the kind of a phony that have to give themselves room when they answer somebodys question. (Salinger 165) This is parallel to the infamous teenage stereotype of rebellion and disobedience, as youth today are perceived as arrogant and wanting to create their own rules. The novel provokes emotion within the reader because they are finally able to connect with someone on that level. On that note, the book also connects with a teenagers insecurities and self-evaluation, proven by its usage by other authors. An example of this would be the novel King Dork, in which the main character Tom criticizes his school for lauding The Catcher in the Rye when it really isnt that special. The truth of the matter, however, is that Tom is extremely similar to Holden, in that they both have emotional and complicated lives as teenagers filled with angst and discord. The fact that Catcher is referred to so much in this novel that is half a century newer shows that J.D. Salinger has made an impact in youth literature and created a template for which writers can explore the complexity of the teenage mind. Finally, the book remains an essential part of the 20th century culture not only because of the message of teenage angst it portrays but because of the following it gained and notoriety of some supporters. Notably, The Catcher in the Rye was noted to be an integral part to two separate, high profile murder attempts, one of which was successful. The most famous incident was the 1980 assassination of John Lennon by Mark David Chapman. Chapman, who at one point even tried to change his name to Holden Caulfield, assassinated John Lennon in 1980. When arrested, Chapman was clutching a copy of The Catcher in the Rye, and wrote inside, This is my statement (Ball). In an interview, Chapman stated he [] was literally living insideThe Catcher in the Rye (Chapman). While Chapman was institutionalized, and the connection he made from the book to the murder has yet to be determined, the mystery of the books inspiration for murder still intrigues people (Ball). In conclusion, The Catcher in the Rye still captures interest from readers today because the message of teenage angst and growth is timeless. The novel is able to effectively portray a teenagers rebellious nature and rejection of society that masks uncertainty of ones own self. It also has a sense of mystery surrounding it, as inspired one of the most well known murders of the 20th century. J.D. Salinger captivates readers because the novel lacks the stereotypical sugar coating of a young adult novel; it gives a true perspective on the trouble of being a teenager and exposes a whole new realm that people can appreciate. Works Cited Ball, Sarah. J.D. Salingers Influence. The Daily Beast. 27 Jan. 2010. Web. 23 Sept. 2011. http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2010/01/27/the-gospel-according-to-holden.html. Chapman, Mark D. Mark David Chapman in His Own Words. Interview by Larry King. CNN. 30 Sept. 200. Web. 22 Sept. 2011. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0009/30/lklw.00.html. Salinger, J. D. The Catcher in the Rye. Boston: Little, Brown, 1951. Print.

Use of Tone, Irony and Humor in The Hammon and the Beans Essay

Use of Tone, Irony and Humor in The Hammon and the Beans Ernest Hemingway once explained, "A writer's problem does not change. He himself changes and the world he lives in changes but his problem remains the same. It is always how to write truly and having found what is true, to project it in such a way that it becomes a part of the experience of the person who reads it." The attitude and "projection" with which the author creates a story is the tone. A difficult aspect of writing to master, tone is one that transitions a piece of writing from satisfactory to exemplary. In The Hammon and the Beans, Americo Paredes incorporates tone in a manner that allows the reader to understand the two-sided situation because the characters are living happy yet troublesome lives. Through including contradictory statements, irony, and comedy in the story, Paredes displays his ability to utilize tone in order to construct a complex work with pure grace. Opposition is an important undertone present in The Hammon and the Beans. Throughout the entire story, Paredes integrates contradictory statements which are used for two purposes. The first usage of these argumentative ideas is to clearly depict the setting of the story for the reader. In the first paragraph, the grandfather's house is described as, "... a big frame house painted a dirty yellow," that was in, "... a quiet neighborhood at least, too far from the center of town for automobiles and too near for musical, night-roaming drunks (p. 274)." In these two descriptions of the setting, there are contradictions because a big house is usually positive, while dirtiness is negative (although yellow itself is not normall... ...hich contributes to his overall impression of the story. In adding a comical tone to the story, the author gives the reader the ability to relate to, and better understand, the situation in which the characters are involved, because it is pure human nature to laugh. Tone is an advanced element of writing, that when effectively incorporated into a work, can make it exceptional, and one certainly worth reading. The Hammon and the Beans is an example of a story in which tone is used extraordinarily well by including opposition among statements and characters, thought-provoking irony, and sensitive humor. Paredes entices the reader to share the emotions of the characters by projecting them in a subtle manner. As a result of becoming involved, the reader can more completely comprehend the lives of the characters, from their difficult times to those of pure joy.

Difference Between Learning Outcomes and Learning Objectives

What's the Difference Between Learning Outcomes and Learning Objectives? Learning Objectives: †¢tend to describe specific, discrete units of knowledge and skill †¢were useful during the 1970's and 1980's when attempts were made to describe workplace activities as specific tasks to be completed †¢can be accomplished within a short time frame – still may be relevant for a class period †¢tend to be statements of intent; do not necessarily suggest that the behaviour has been demonstrated Learning Outcomes: describe broad aspects of behaviour which incorporate a wide range of knowledge and skill †¢increased use in the 1990's when workplace requirements involve broader skillsets which are transferable to a wide range of work settings †¢accomplished over time in several learning experiences †¢refer to demonstrations of performance ________________________________________ More about the difference between Learning Outcomes and Course Objectives Learn ing outcomes tend to represent the â€Å"big picture† as opposed to the specific details and discrete aspects or chunks of performance.In the 1950’s and 60’s, the emphasis was on a person doing specific job tasks which required specific knowledge for an extended period of time. In contrast, rapid technological changes of the 1990’s require that the worker readily and repeatedly adapt to new job skill requirements which emphasize an ability to focus on broader concepts. As part of this new workplace structure, the ability to work in teams has been increasingly emphasized. Curriculum design trends have undergone similar transformations.Behavioural objectives of the 60’s and 70’s which described very specific and detailed aspects of behaviour, have now been replaced with the broader learning outcomes statements that incorporate broader aspects of performances. These performances have a variety of knowledge, skills and attitudes embedded within them. Contrast the following behavioural objective statement: †¢Given a paragraph of ten sentences, the student will be able to identify ten rules of grammar which are used in its construction with the Learning Outcomes statement: The student will have reliably demonstrated the ability to use the conventions of grammar when creating paragraphs. How might the learning activities and methods of assessment differ in view of the two statements? As another example, consider the following statements: Learning Objective: At the end of this class, the learner will be able to: †¢Define affirmative action; †¢Describe three factors which promote affirmative action in the workplace. Learning Outcome: At the end of this course the learner will have reliably demonstrated the ability to develop affirmative action programs within a workplace environment.What differences can you see between these statements? Differences L. O. is a much broader performance statement L. O. represents an end stage of performance Learning outcomes are not written at the class level since they represent broad, statements which incorporate many areas of inter-related knowledge and skill that may be developed over time through a wide range of experiences. Class room or short learning sessions would address course learning outcomes, but not be considered sufficient opportunity for the student to achieve the outcome in a single episode of learning.

Ray Bradbury’s All Summer in a Day

Ray Bradbury, conveys the key ideas related to power and powerlessness in the text All summer in a day. The power of the group, where the group of children go up against Marmot in a successful attempt to physically and emotionally abuse her. The second idea portrays the lack of power of the Individual, Marmot, as she is isolated, and vulnerable against the majority. These are the key Ideas present related to power and powerlessness. The power of the majority/ group Is a key Idea relating to power and powerlessness.Marmot Is the Individual going up against all her classmates, the majority. The power of the group Is represented as the oppression as all the children confront Marmot and taunt and bully her. This can be the mall plot point of the story of this story. These school children hear Marmot's story of how she has been to Earth and experienced the sun before but they become ignorant and start taunting her and twisting everything that she says. The reason behind all this hate is b ecause they are al jealous that she has seen the sun more frequently and that they can't relate to that experience.Marmot is shown to be powerless as all the children taunt her and abuse her. â€Å"What're you looking at? Said William. Marmot said nothing. Speak when you're spoken to. He gave her a shove. But she did not move; rather she let herself be moved only by him and nothing else. † This shows strong direct speech and sets the tone to a dark and intense atmosphere as Marmot is getting bullied and taunted at. This idea shows how strong the majority is in the eyes of the individual.

The Essential Onion in French Food Inspired a Key Idiom

The Essential Onion in French Food Inspired a Key Idiom Onions are an essential part of French cooking. If you want to give any dish  a French twist, cook it with wine, lots of butter and shallots (du vin, beaucoup de beurre et des à ©chalotes). So let’s talk French onions. The French Word for Onion is 'Oignon' Although the spelling is weird, the French pronunciation is quite close to the English. The word begins and ends with a nasal on sound, thus the â€Å"oi† is pronounced like on.   N’oublie pas d’acheter des oignons s’il te plaà ®t. Don’t forget to buy onions, please.D’accord, j’en prends combien? OK, how many should I get?Prends en deux moyens, ou un gros. Get two medium-size ones, or one large one. Different Types of Onions in French If you enjoy cooking, knowing the types of onions used in French cuisine  will come in handy. There are many different cultivars, and the names vary depending on the region, for example l’oignon rose de Roscoff (the pink onion of Roscoff), l’onion dorà © de Mulhouse (the golden onion of Mulhouse). Size and shape will also differ according to the type of onion and region. Here is a list of common onion-related terms. Ive included garlic because I thought cooks might find this useful. Un oignon (blanc, jaune, rose, rouge):  Ã‚  a (white, yellow, pink, red) onionUne tà ªte d’ail:  a head of garlic (Note that the pronunciation of â€Å"ail† is irregular; it sounds like â€Å"eye† in English.)Une gousse d’ail: a clove of garlicUne à ©chalote: a shallotUne cà ©bette and un petit oignon vert: scallionLa ciboule:  spring onionLa ciboulette:  chive The French Idiom 'Occupe-toi / Mà ªle-toi de tes Oignons' This famous idiom is still very much in use  in French. It means: â€Å"Mind your own business.†Ã‚  There are some variations relative to how this is expressed, but all mean the same thing: â€Å"Mind your own business.†Ã‚  One variation uses les fesses: The word â€Å"les oignons† is a familiar term for â€Å"les fesses† (buttocks) due to the onions round shape. The resulting expression â€Å"Occupe-toi de tes fesses,† while a bit vulgar, is also quite common. Another variation is Mà ªle-toi or Occupe-toi de tes affaires, which is an exact translation of Mind your own business. Alors, c’est vrai ce que j’ai entendu? Tu sors avec Bà ©atrice maintenant?So is it true what I’ve heard? You’re going out with Beatrice now?Mà ªle-toi de tes oignons!  Mind your own business! And for French food lovers, perhaps the most famous French specialty that relies primarily on onions is  la soupe loignon.  A real  French  dà ©lice!

Langston Hughes Essays

Langston Hughes Essays Langston Hughes Essay Langston Hughes Essay Essay Topic: Langston Hughes Poems The Poems of Ted Hughes Name: Course: Lecturer: Date: Langston Hughes His works have endured for long, and he has served as an inspiration to many. I believe that you should include Langston Hughes the next time you teach this class. He was one of the most noticeable personalities of the Harlem renaissance. Hughes was born in 1902, and he died of health complications in 1967 after a life of struggle and noted accomplishments. Hughes childhood was eventful. He was born in Missouri, but his parents divorced when he was still a child. His grandmother raised him in Kansas, after his father moved out of the country, and his mother moved to various places around the country looking for work. It was not until he was twelve years old that he went to live with his mother in Illinois. The family would later move to Ohio. Hughes began writing at an early age. He showed his talent while he was still in school, where he wrote poems and the school newspaper. He was diversified in his work. Rather than specialize in a specific genre, he chose to diversify his interes ts in poetry, children’s books, autobiographies, novels, plays, and essays. Hughes was proud to identify himself as a black American. He lived at a time when there was an increase in the issue of black pride. African Americans were not afraid to voice their concerns or fight for their rights. Hughes wrote a lot about this. He had enrolled at Columbia University, but he had to drop out. He would later attend Lincoln University, where he was able to complete his education. He traveled to Africa and Europe, and he returned with more confidence and pride concerning his black heritage (Tracy 9). He would often write about his life, and the life of others around him. Some of his poems include â€Å"The Negro Speaks of Rivers†, â€Å"The Negro Mother† and â€Å"Montage of a Dream Deferred†. Other works included the essay â€Å"The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain†, where he emphasized the importance of black racial pride, and the play â€Å"Mulatto†. He also wrote autobiographies such as â€Å"I Wonder as I Wander†. His poems and other works reflected his quest for justice and equality. He also spoke against racial segregation. Despite the seriousness of the issues he wrote of, he included humor in his work. Hughes was a jazz poet. His first volume of jazz poems was the â€Å"Weary Blues†, and this earned him recognition in the literary world (Haugen 72). Hughes was a diversified writer, but he was consistent in his writing. The future class seeks to benefit from studying and discussing his works. Hughes was especially sensitive to the suffering of the lower class black American. He did not color his work with flowery language, but he wrote the reality. The future class will benefit by having a realistic view concerning life for the African American before the realization of racial equality in the country. In addition, Hughes used simple language and grammar, and this makes his work easy to read and understand. Hughes was inspired by other writers, both black and white. However, he was not afraid of differing with them concerning the issues he felt were not justified or fair. For instance, one of his inspirations was W. E. B. Dubois, who supported racial segregation. Hughes was not afraid to differ with him concerning the issue, and his work â€Å"Jim Crow’s Last Stand† reflected this (Tracy 10). Hughes’ work reflects why people consider him an outstanding author. He managed to cross obstacles and barriers that were naturally present because of his race. He was able to venture and succeed into new territories as a jazz poet. He had many lists of significant works. In addition to the mentioned works, he also wrote the â€Å"Simple† series, with titles such as â€Å"Simple Speaks his Mind†. Hughes not only fits in the Harlem renaissance movement, but he also helps define it. The literary movement began some time after the First World War and the beginning of the great depression. At this time, African American intellectuals, musicians, and literary artists flourished in the north, especially in the Harlem area of New York. Hughes has had mixed reactions from critics. Some have opposed him strongly, while others have spoken of him favorably, depending on the content of his work. Like the great literary artist he is, Hughes has not let this limit his creative abilities and ingenuity, and this has made his work enduring over the years. Haugen, Brenda. Langston Hughes: The Voice of Harlem. Minneapolis, MN: Compass Point Books, 2006. Print Tracy, C. Steven. A Historical Guide to Langston Hughes. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Print

Canadian Employment Insurance - Online Application

Canadian Employment Insurance - Online Application If you have paid Canadian Employment Insurance (EI) premiums and are unemployed, you may be able to apply for Canadian Employment Insurance benefits using the EI Online Application from Service Canada. EI Online Application - Frequently Asked Questions Before you attempt the EI online application, please read through the Frequently Asked Questions from Service Canada. EI Online Application - Personal Information The EI online application takes about 60 minutes to complete, but if you are disconnected during the process, your information will not be saved. Be sure to have all the information youll need close at hand before you begin the EI online application. If you do not have all the information listed below, or if you have any questions, then it is better to file your Employment Insurance application in person at the nearest Service Canada office to make sure your Employment Insurance benefits are not delayed. For the EI online application you will need: Your postal codeSocial Insurance Number (SIN)Date of birthMothers maiden nameAddress and postal code of residenceGross salary - total earnings before deductions including tips and commissionsGross salary for your last week of work - from Sunday to your last day of workVacation pay - received or to be receivedSeverance pay - received or to be receivedPension - received or to be receivedPay in lieu of notice - received or to be receivedOther money - specifyName, address, dates of employment and reason for separation for all your employers in the last 52 weeks.Dates for the weeks in the last 52 weeks when you did not work, did not receive money and whyDates for the weeks (Sunday to Saturday) in the last 52 weeks when you did not work and did not receive money, and reasons whyDates and amounts for weeks in the last 52 weeks when your earnings were less than $225.00 before deductionsBand number if applying for Status Indian tax exemptionBanking information to arrange a direct deposit of E mployment Insurance benefits. If applying for Employment Insurance parental benefits, you will also need the SIN of the other parent. If applying for Employment Insurance sickness benefits, you will need your doctors name, address, and telephone number. You may also need your expected date of recovery. If applying for Employment Insurance compassionate care benefits, you will need information about the ill family member. Note: When submitting an EI application online, you must also submit the paper copy of your Record of Employment by mail or in person to a Service Canada office as soon as possible. EI Online Application - Confirmation Once you submit your EI online application, a confirmation number will be generated. If you do not receive a confirmation number or wish to make changes to your application, do not apply again. Instead, call the following number during regular business hours and press o to talk to an agent: 1 (800) 206-7218

The strategic management of human resources Essay

The strategic management of human resources - Essay Example This paper investigates the implementation of strategic human resource management (SHRM) integrating with the scope of linkages between SHRM and Corporate Strategy Process. To demonstrate the integration SHRM and corporate strategy process, strategic integration framework of Golden and Ramnujam's (1985) has considered as a base and evidences has been drawn from both global and UK corporate houses. The out6comes should provide support to the momentum for the HRM activity to accomplish an enhanced level of strategic integration with the corporate planning process. Evidence also supports that after integration HRM activities within the companies have gained a strategic status inside the business planning process. Yeung, A., & Brockbank, W., (1995) mentioned that a very important output of the planning process is a strategy for an organisation. The term strategy refers to what managers want the organisation to accomplish. A strategy positions the organisation in a particular place in the organisation's environment. On the other hand, human resource management (HRM) is the management function that deals with recruitment, placement, training, and development of organisation members. So, we can define strategic human resource management as the management process that involves an organisation's engaging in strategic planning and then acting on those plans by utilizing human resources to get better output and thus any organisation meet its goals. Managers always remember that most important resources are the people who supply the work, talent, creativity, and drive to the corporate strategy process. The Role of Strategic Management with the Corporate Strategy Process: Stephen, T, (1998) added that the corporate Strategy is the broad program for defining and achieving an organisation's objectives, the organisation's response to its environment over time. Basically, administrative tasks needed to put strategy into practice. The management process that involves an organisation engaging in strategic planning and then acting on those plans is known as strategic management. Strategic management provides a disciplined way for managers to make sense of the environment in which their organisation operates, and then to act. In broad terms, two phases are involved: 1. Strategic planning is the name we customarily give to the sense-making activity. This includes both the goal setting and the strategy-formulation processes that Hofer, C. W. Schendel, D., (1978) distinguished. 2. Strategy implementation is the name we customarily give to actions based on that kind of planning. This stage includes Hofer, C. W. Sch

The Law of Restitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Law of Restitution - Essay Example This implies that the focus of restitution is on the defendant rather than the claimant. There have been scholarly debates on the threshold for a case to be considered as falling under the law of restitution. This is because previously, cases of unjust enrichment have been treated as falling under the law of quasi contract. However, according Meyers (2009), there are four elements that place a case outside the law of tort and contract. The first aspect is that a benefit is received by a party B and the benefit may be in form of money or services. The benefit is received at the expense of party A. Then it should be ascertained that there is an unjust factor that requires that the benefit be reversed. Finally, if B cannot point to any relevant defence, the case is considered to warrant restitution. Restitutionary remedies fall into two categories. Personal restitutionary remedies restore to the claimant the value of the benefit that the defendant had received. This means that the defen dant is liable for the benefit itself. For instance if a defendant received one million pounds from the claimant, then under restitution, the defendant is liable to pay a sum of one million pounds back to the claimant. The restitution remedy creates a creditor –debtor relationship between the claimant and the defendant. The second category of restitutionary remedies is that of proprietary remedy. ... The claimants interest to the property ranks above the other creditors of the defendant and hence the claimant is likely to recover the property if the defendant becomes insolvent ( Garry, 2008). Restitution is considered to be mauti-causal. The first category of restitution is the restitution for unjust enrichment. This involves reversing of gains by a defendant obtained in an unjust way. The second category on restitution is known as restitution for wrong doing. For example, when a defendant commits a tort against the claimant, the remedial assessment is done in reference to the defendant’s gain and not necessarily in reference to the claimant’s loss. The claimant has the proprietary right to a property, whether it existed previously or made to exist by operation of law ( Howard and Cameron, 2008). This paper aims to outline the legal principles that relate to the laws of restitution. It also aims to analyze existing case laws on restitution and ascertain the scope an d implications of this law. The paper outlines the recent developments in application of the law of restitution and the future trends. It is necessary to appreciate the impact of laws on the citizens and the relationship between common law and related statutes is also considered in depth. Restitution is considered as a universal phenomenon and therefore it is necessary for analyzing the application and implementation of the laws of restitution across various jurisdictions. The paper also aims to show the essence of restitution law in the dispensation of justice. 2. Grounds of Restitution 2.1. Unjust Factors An action for restitution does not require any loss to be suffered by the claimant. The major focus in restitution cases is the benefit that the defendant received. Therefore, it is arguable in

Use of Promissory Estoppel in Business Contracts Essay

Use of Promissory Estoppel in Business Contracts - Essay Example Promissory Estoppels are great ways to avoid injustices in the cases were normal considerations cannot be provided. However Promissory Estoppel has been full of contradictions since they were first mentioned in Section 90 of Restatement of Contracts. They have invoked varied emotions such as they marked the death of contracts or that contract cases will now be decided simply as torts. Promissory Estoppel is still a work in progress. Although Section 90 and 139 which are the basis of promissory Estoppel are brief but the various court cases and judgements have given new meanings to these two sections. Promissory Estoppels is a way to enforce a contract without any consideration (Farber & Matheson, 1985). A normal contract consists of three main components – an offer being made, the offer being accepted and a consideration being given for the offer (Klass, 2010). As an example let us suppose that company A signs a contract with company B to supply 50 tons of rice per month for $50/ton for 5 years. However if the grain prices fall during the contract period and B wants to renegotiate the price to $40/ton then under the normal contract law this can be done in 2 ways – either by giving a consideration such as agreeing to pay for the transportation costs or agreeing to buy more quantity and by annulling the contract and signing a new contract with new terms. However Promissory Estoppels provides an alternate way of doing it without any consideration or annulment. Promissory Estoppels comes into effect when one of the parties has made a promise, the other party has relied on it substantially and when not enforcing a promise will lead to gross injustice to one of the parties. Thus the three main concepts of Promissory Estoppel are a clear and definite promise, substantial reliance on that promise and miscarriage of justice if promise is broken. The origin of the modern concept of Promissory Estoppels can be found in the case of Central London Property Trust Ltd vs. High Tree House Ltd (Farber & Matheson, 1985). The case was regarding raising the rent of a group of flats after the end of the Second World War. The landlord had made a promise that he would take reduced rent from the tenants during the course of the war. However when the war ended in 1945, he wanted the original rent to be restores. In this case the Judge Denning laid down the principals of promissory estoppels by saying that a promise which is intended to be binding is binding as far as it terms apply correctly. This paper discusses the concept of promissory estoppels as applied in USA; the cases of business contracts where relief can be accepted under promissory estoppels and where the claim for relief is likely to be rejected by courts. Bargain Theory of Consideration A contract is a binding agreement between two parties and is the basis for any business transaction between the two parties. Contracts are the heart and soul of all businesses. Some of the contracts are written whereas other may be simply oral or trust based. Before the concept of promissory estoppels was discovered, contracts were based solely on the bargain theory of consideration (Feinman, 1984).According to this theory; a promise is enforceable only if it is supported by a consideration which has been sought for or bargained for by the promisor in exchange for the promise made by him . The Bargain theory also requires mutual consent of the offer which means that a clear offer must be made and accepted by the other party for a contract to be enforceable. In the case of New Zealand Shipping co. Ltd vs. AM Satterthwaite & co Ltd; Lord Wilberforce has clearly stated that offer, acceptance and consideration are requirements for a contract to be valid. These three factors must also be accompanied with no mistake, misrepresentation and duress which can affect the

Managing Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Managing Resources - Essay Example However strategy exists in all organizations even though it may not be written down and articulated. It defines the organization’s behavior and how it tries to cope with its environment.† In this regard, the essay is written to address three-fold objectives, to wit: (1) to present an analysis of the case, Doman Synthetic Fibres plc (B); (2) to summarize two articles from academic and scholarly journals on the topic, managing resources; and (3) to link the case with the two articles on relevant and critical perspectives. As averred by Johnson, Scholes and Whittington (2008, 13-2), â€Å"resourcing strategies are concerned with the two-way relationship between overall business strategies and strategies in separate resource areas such as people, information, finance, and technology†. The case would hereby highlight options for managing resources in terms of deciding whether what to do with the present product, Britlene, whose patent is about to expire and with a new product, Crylon, with potentials to replace it. Doman Synthetic Fiber (DSF) was founded by Wilfred Doman in 1946 as a chemical/synthetic fiber manufacturing company. Its main product, Britlene, was used primarily in the manufacture of heavy-duty clothing and accounts for 95% of total sales in 2006. The patent protection for Britlene was about to expire in 2008. As a foresight, the research and development department of DSF designed a new product in 2005, Crylon, with the same properties as Britlene but with more heat-resistant capabilities. The current Managing Director, Wendy Doman, is faced with the dilemma of deciding whether what to do with the present product, Britlene, whose patent is about to expire and with a new product, Crylon, with potentials to replace it. In a working party meeting in 2007, several personnel of DSF presented alternative courses of action which the company could consider with regard to the Crylon case, to wit:

The Homeless Policy in New York City Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Homeless Policy in New York City - Essay Example In addition, the viability of community policing as an efficient strategy in augmenting the policy will be addressed from a social and historical perspective. a. A supervised publicly or privately operated shelter designed to provide temporary living accommodations (including welfare hotels, congregate shelters, and transitional housing for the mentally ill); As a general overview, homelessness is on the rise all over the country. According to the U.S. Conference of Mayors in as study spanning 24 major cities , the demand for different forms of emergency shelter "had increased by 13% in 2001, and had swelled to 25% in 2005.. All in all, 71% of the cities registered an increase from the previous year." (Mayors, 2005) Aside from that, people were homeless for an average of seven months, a very disturbing figure which only continues to grow annually. In New York, Port Authority had banned panhandling in PATH subway stations and bus terminals nearly two decades ago, and this was a ruling that has been repeatedly been upheld by the Supreme Court. With dwindling funding and inadequate support from the local government, the common perception is that these big cities have turned their backs on the homeless. It is a pressing problem that is constantly looking us in the eye, and yet is continually ignored. Historically, homelessness started its rapid rise in the 1980's, when the Reagan administration cut public funding for low-cost housing in half. To further illustrate this, "between 1980 and 1989 the Department of Housing and Urban Development's budget was slashed from $74 billion to $19 billion". (Dreier, 2004) This resulted in an a shortfall in the availability of low-cost housing, just as the population in the concerned areas was increasing. It is widely believed that a lot of those displaced by these measures ended up in the streets, resulting in an exponential jump in the national homeless numbers. Coupled with the deinstitutionalization of mental hospitals which also displaced a lot of mentally ill patients, the city was being faced with a chronic and nagging problem that was turning critical by the day. New York was at the center of this social unrest in 1988, "when a riot erupted in Tompkins Square Park as police forcibly attempted to enforce a freshly-signed curfew on the park"(Purdum, 1988) This curfew was widely viewed as a thinly veiled attempt to evict the homeless residing in the park., and it quickly turned into a human rights snafu as numerous innocent bystanders were caught up in the fracas. Civic-minded organizations within the city tried their very best to assist the

Managing Resources Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Managing Resources - Essay Example However strategy exists in all organizations even though it may not be written down and articulated. It defines the organization’s behavior and how it tries to cope with its environment.† In this regard, the essay is written to address three-fold objectives, to wit: (1) to present an analysis of the case, Doman Synthetic Fibres plc (B); (2) to summarize two articles from academic and scholarly journals on the topic, managing resources; and (3) to link the case with the two articles on relevant and critical perspectives. As averred by Johnson, Scholes and Whittington (2008, 13-2), â€Å"resourcing strategies are concerned with the two-way relationship between overall business strategies and strategies in separate resource areas such as people, information, finance, and technology†. The case would hereby highlight options for managing resources in terms of deciding whether what to do with the present product, Britlene, whose patent is about to expire and with a new product, Crylon, with potentials to replace it. Doman Synthetic Fiber (DSF) was founded by Wilfred Doman in 1946 as a chemical/synthetic fiber manufacturing company. Its main product, Britlene, was used primarily in the manufacture of heavy-duty clothing and accounts for 95% of total sales in 2006. The patent protection for Britlene was about to expire in 2008. As a foresight, the research and development department of DSF designed a new product in 2005, Crylon, with the same properties as Britlene but with more heat-resistant capabilities. The current Managing Director, Wendy Doman, is faced with the dilemma of deciding whether what to do with the present product, Britlene, whose patent is about to expire and with a new product, Crylon, with potentials to replace it. In a working party meeting in 2007, several personnel of DSF presented alternative courses of action which the company could consider with regard to the Crylon case, to wit:

Health Care Delivery and Insurance System Essay

Health Care Delivery and Insurance System - Essay Example This paper analyses the health care delivery system as to whether it is broken or not Even though there are more than 40 million Americans who are not insured but still a major part of the gross national product of the nation is spent on health care (Iglehart, 1999). If the present problem has to be solved then it is essential that some changes take place in a lot of health financing systems (New York Academy of Sciences, 2000, pp. 1-14). The system should be best in all ways which means that the use of medical dollars should be made in an efficient way with provisions for improved medical care ostentation and promoting innovation. The new system should also incorporate quality with efficiency in prices of health care along with productive competition. The present system of health care which is driven by market and the existent governmental semi-National Health Insurance (NHI) Medicare and other Medicaid programs do not meet the requisites of best health care provisions (Brodenheimer, 1999; Riley, 2001; Pear, 2002; Krugan, 2002). Many countries are in problems due to a single payer for the nationalized health care and regular deficiency of patient selection (Krauz, 2002). 8. Areas which require attention The following areas put forward by different authors require immediate attention by the Congress government: 1. The people belonging to uninsured groups and those who are underinsured should be given immediate attention. 2. Politically and combative prescribed welfares (Jensen and Morrisy, 1999; Perez, 2002). 3. Imbalanced tax handling for health funding should not be the criteria. 4. Insured do not have any alternative to plans and providers. 5. Wayward financial bonuses for the insurance industry(Austin, 1984; Kuttner, 1999; Newhouse et.all, 1981 and Krauz, 2002) 6. Low financed and mystified Medicaid plans (Pear, 2002). 7. Inadequate national clinical tests and deficiency in limitation of preventable mismanagement suits (Institute of Medicine, 2001). 8. Unreasonable rivalry by hospitals burdening their own patients with varied amounts for indistinguishable services should not be the objective. Also the discrepancy in the amounts charged by pharmaceutical companies to individuals and small organizations should be done away with (Institute of Medicine, 2001). Apart from those mentioned above there are many areas in the health industry which require immediate attention of the creators. The Congress should create tax incentives which are individual in nature with permitted universal disastrous coverage so that the above mentioned discrepancies are removed. Discussion With reference to the number of individuals who are not insured, it only means the American medical system is a complete failure. Actually whatever be the kind of Medicaid it must have a provision for unforeseen

Public agencies Essay Example for Free

Public agencies Essay A child’s social awareness and development are necessary to aid him/her to face the reality of life. In accordance to that, a parent has a vital role to be played in helping his/her children to attain this knowledge through experiential or hands-on learning. But in reality, not all things could be learned inside a house or even inside the classroom. That was why different public agencies are strongly advisable to parents who need reinforcements in teaching their children about mental retardation, social living, transition, and developing their vocational skills. Below is a list of some public agencies that could help parents bring out the best in their children and the reasons why they are strongly recommended. First, I would like to recommend to parents to bring their child in this agency called Vision Quest. Vision Quest has run a long way for nearly 35 years. They have their distinct way of reaching out to the youth. According to Robert Burton, the founder and chairman of Vision Quest, â€Å"In Vision Quest programs, young people find themselves surprised, challenged, inspired, and sometimes confused but always growing. It’s the path to a new start. † Moreover, they use a very practical approach which concerns primarily with ethics and values. They make learning and discovery a fun thing to do, which in turn earns them a long term result. Furthermore, this agency has already passed and made a positive result to the evaluation conducted by different well-trusted organizations such as Rand Corporation, the Pennsylvania Juvenile Court Judges Commission, the State of California Auditor General’s Office, the Allegheny court system, and the University of Pennsylvania’s Center for the Study of Youth Policy. I would also highly recommend the Youth Communication agency. This agency has the main goal of hearing and understanding the youth of today because they believe that these young people have their own ideas, solutions, and concerns about the society. They develop newsmakers, news writers, make new stories, discover talents and flaunt a child’s full potential. These provide the parents the knowledge of their child’s emotions and skills. Another good choice is the Variety Club of Illinois. This helps physically, mentally, and emotionally challenged youth nowadays. They keep their responsibility and assist parents in their child’s physical activities. They have a mobility program called â€Å"Kids on the go† wherein they provide physical activities that require a lot of movement and socialization. These are great chances to mold a child’s productivity. On the other hand, Association House Agency is also highly recommended. It aims to educate, train, and provide child welfare, mental health, and recovery services. This agency teaches children different vocational skills, art crafts and assists with special Olympics that children would enjoy. Boys and Girls Clubs of Chicago is another agency of great choice. This agency has the main purpose of inspiring and enabling young children most especially those children who undergo disadvantaged circumstances to realize their worth and their full potential as concerned citizens. Also, a child should also learn different social skills which would be very useful in becoming a productive and law-abiding citizen in the near future. With that, Zion Temple Educational Center could accompany parents in teaching these skills. This agency helps elementary students attain good academic standing while enjoying recreational activities. This would be a very big help to parents because learning I guess, is easier when you are having fun. Abraham Lincoln Hope Headstart is an agency designed to help children be successful in the fields they are to take, promotes positive thinking, and provides enjoyable creative experiences. This helps parents in molding their child’s community responsibility and provides an educational setting for experiential purposes. Another helpful public agency is Brain Boosters. This helps children increase their self-esteem and be a sociable person, improve study habits and gain high grades, and the social skills to make him a good citizen of the US. They provide skillbuilding activities that bring out a child’s full potential. These goals are also reflected by this agency called South Side Help Center. This also aims to develop a child’s social skills that could help him get all along his daily living. Moreover, this also enhances a child’s potential of being a good leader through some constructive activities. And lastly, I would like to recommend the School of Art Institute. This agency helps parents in discovering their child’s creative side and aesthetics. This also gives an opportunity to aspiring young artists. I believe that all the agencies mentioned above could be of great help in each parent’s role of guiding, molding, and developing his/her child’s physical and mental capacity and to lead their children in the right path. These agencies could all divert children’s attention into a more productive and significant activities. Parents have their choice of watching their children’s growth and well-being. If all parents would just realize how significant these public agencies are, their children will never go wrong and children of today will less probably possess risky behaviors. Also, most probably, through practice and daily experiences, these activities would be developed as hobbies.

Management roles of emirates airline

Management roles of emirates airline In todays competitive business industries, travel and tourism industry is one of the worlds biggest and fastest growing industries. Now People are travelling for leisure, recreation, business purpose and most of them are travelling as a part of their employment than ever before. Tourism has become a popular global leisure activity. According to United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO, 2009) there were over 922 million international tourist arrivals in 2008, with a growth of 1.9% as compared to 2007. Now travel and tourism industry has become one of the largest and dynamically developing sectors of economic industries. A country can earn a massive amount of foreign currency by travel and tourism. The development and growth rates of tourism industry, significant volumes of foreign currency inflows, infrastructure development, and introduction of new management affect various sectors of economy. It completely contributes to the social and economic development of a country. Trav el and tourism business makes an important connection to the world, which provides services to people from another region or country. Airline industry makes a vital role to increase tourism and travel industry. Its one of the most important parts in tourism and hospitality sector and Emirates airlines is not an exception as it play an important role in the hospitality and tourism sector. 1.1 Overview of Emirates Airline: Emirates Airline is one of the major airlines in the Middle East. It is a subsidiary of The Emirates Group. The Emirates Story (2010), states that Emirates had started the air business with only two aircrafts-Boeing 737 and Airbus 300 B4 and had flown its first route out of Dubai on 25th October 1985. Now with a fleet of 137 aircrafts, Emirates Airlines provide their services in 60 different countries. With this massive number of aircraft in their fleet they manage fly to over 100 big cities around the world. Each week almost  700 Emirates flights depart from Dubai, the biggest emirates of UAE (United Arab Emirates) on their way to different destinations on  six continents. Yearly the expansion of Emirates has never been lower than 20%. From the Emirates Story, 2010 it found that, after third in operation the airline recorded an annual profit in every single year. From Emirates website, the Emirates Group (2010), Sky-Cargo division is the freight division of Emirates airlines whi ch under take their cargo activities and provides inclusive cargo solutions to more than 100 destinations in over 60 countries on six continents. According to The Emirates Group (2010), in 2008, Emirates Sky-Cargo stimulated its operations into the 43,600 square metres state-of-the-art Cargo Mega Terminal and yearly it can process 1.2 million tonnes of cargo. In 2001, Emirates announced the largest valued at $15 billion order in aviation history which confirmed its future growth in Airline industry. For its speedily growing fleet, Emirates added a stunning number of 58 new aircrafts, with the mixers of Airbus and Boeing . Now Emirates is growing rapidly and carried a lot more passengers than before. The Emirates Story (2010) also shows that in 2007/2008, Emirates carried 21.2 million passengers and  carried 1.3 million tonnes of cargo which indicates that Emirates is one of the fastest growing airlines in the airline business. 1.2 Leadership and management roles of Emirate Airline: Leadership and management which are seen very differently by diverse group of people. Some individuals see these terms as synonyms, while others approach them as extreme opposites; so extreme, in fact, that they would argue that at the same time a good manager and a good leader cannot be the same person. Still other people reside somewhere in the middle. But the fact is these two terms are often interchanged. Pascale, R. (1990) defined Leadership as the sculpture of creating an environment and influencing people to follow a chosen direction willingly. It requires a clear vision and guide followers along a path that realizes the vision.In1980,the president of American association defined (cited by Patrick J, M. et al, 2000) that management is getting things through other people. Patrick J, M et al (2000) pointed that the current definition of management is working with and through other people to accomplish the objectives of both the organisation and its member. Management organises, controls or directs people or resources in a group, these are done according to morality that have already been established. Management and leadership, both are necessary to make teams and organizations successful. Just like the right or left wing of an airplanes flight. Without leadership and management business cannot attain its organisational goals. Emirates leadership and management process play an important role for the continuing success of Emirates Airlines. Sheik Ahmed Bin Saeed Al-Maktoum, Chairman and Chief Executive of Emirates Airline who is highly talented and under his leadership, Emirates has grown from a local airline operating three destinations has become a highly praised international airline and fastest-growing international carrier which operates more than 100 locations in over 60 countries (The Emirates Story, 2010). Now Emirates is one of the largest airlines in Middle East. No doubt that their talented leaders play a vital role but this has been made possible through their excellent management techniques, quality customer service and highly skilled diverse workforce. Chairman and Chief Executive of Emirates Airline alongside with other leaders have been capable to show their natural ability that they can lead the company economically and effectively (The Emirates Group: Leadership, 2010). Leaders of Emirates are always responsible, being very grown up, treating people equally, being honest, working hard, prioritising and planning, connecting their staff in their thinking and especially in managing change. The management and leadership teams know how to make the airline business attractive to customers and how to admire those who are worthy of praise for making the company successful. 2.0 Concept of Management, Leadership and Motivation Management, leadership and motivation play an important role for the success of company. Emirate Airline like any other organization or company needs effective leadership and excellent management to direct their staffs to get the achievement of specific objectives. 2.1 Management Theories: The unique behavioural pattern adopted by a leader to motivate and influence the behaviour of subordinates, is called Management theories. It is an ongoing process which helps to get something through people or to use resources to generate profit. Management can create a condition and by the appropriate implication of this condition, organization can achieve their goals. Mainly there are three different types of management styles; bureaucratic management style, participative management style and strategic management style. Emirates Airline is trying to be competitive and marketable by using different management styles. The management style of Emirates typifies a combination of participatory and strategic management. Lamb (1984) pointed Strategic management is an ongoing process that evaluates and controls the business and the industries in which the company is involved; assesses its competitors and sets goals and strategies to meet all existing and potential competitors. The companys strategic apex deals with planning and developing initiatives on behalf of owners, connecting proper use of resources to increase the performance of company in their external environments. Emirates use strategic management style to establish the mission of company, vision and objectives, initial policies and plans, often in terms of projects and programs. All these are designed to achieve a competitive advantage in the travel market. Participative management is the management style where decisions are consulted with the subordinates, by their manager, before implementation. This management style helps to create good relation between manager and employee .Participative management is like democratic management which allows employee to take strong decision making role. After establishing this management, company will get more profit and can reduce its cost. The management of Emirates involves their employees and other stakeholders to take part in making decisions. Emirate encouraged their employee to give their own ideas to identify and get organizational-goals, to solve problem and other decisions that can straight affect the company. The management of Emirates take decision in consultation with their subordinates 2.1 Leadership theories: Leadership means having an ability and desire to inspire and influence others. From trait theory, leaders are born with leading leadership qualities and also inherit positive qualities and personality that make them to be leader. When someone has five traits such as honesty, inspiring, forward-looking, competent, intelligent, he will be a good leader. The spirited advantage and position of Emirates can be endorsed by their leaders. Behavioural perspective of leadership holds that anybody who demonstrates the appropriate behaviour can be an effective leader. Leaders are made by learning appropriate behaviour and not trait. The key contribution of the behavioural perspective was the identification of effective management systems working inside an organisation. The contingency or situational model of leadership emphasise on the nature of the circumstance. Emirates Airlines leadership do not have one particular leadership style and the leaders of Emirates are able to incorporate patience as well as the will to attain compromise with the ability to act rapidly and decisively. The leaders of Emirates are democratic and the leadership composes the ability and skills to motivate and influence the activities and the thoughts of people or subordinates. Their leaders make a social influence which encourages staff to achieve common goal. 2.2 Motivation theories: Motivation was initially came from the Latin word movere. Movere means to move. Motivation is a process which influences people to do. According to Campbell Pritchard (1976) Motivation has to do with a set of independent or dependent variable relationships that explain the direction, amplitude and persistence of an individuals behaviour, holding constant the effects of amplitude, skill and understanding of the task and the constraints operating in the environment. There are different types of theory such as Maslows Hierarchy of Needs theory, Alderfers Existence-Relatedness-Growth theory and Herzbergs Motivator-Hygiene theory. These theories are revealed to motivate people that help the leader of a company to motivate his employee. Maslow motivation theory is one of them which are most popular theory of human motivation. According to Maslows Hierarchy of Needs (2002-2010) psychologist Abraham Maslow developed a motivation theory, in this theory basic and low-level needs such as physi ological needs and safety have to be satisfied before higher-level needs such as self- actualization are pursued. Maslow motivation theory covers all basic requirements of an individual and it would please them. Maslow theory is based on five levels of needs; these are from bottom to top- physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs and self-actualization. The lower level such as physiological and safety needs has been met by employee then higher level needs become important. Emirates Airline motivates their employee strongly. For this reason lots of diverse people are interested to work with Emirates group. To encourage the best from those who want to build up their future pathways with Emirates Airline, they offer a vast number of employee benefits, acknowledgment, encouragement as well as performance programmes. Well trained and skilled employees are the key for the success of a company. So Emirates provide vocational training and development to ensure their peop le are able to do their job well. The Emirates Group Carriers Centre, FAQs ( 2010) stated that high performing Cabin Crew have been able to attain the position of Flight Purser within five years and many have also become trainers in cabin service. 3.0 Cultural diversity A variety of different societies or peoples with dissimilar origins, religions and traditions all are living and interacting together -That is cultural diversity. Many people from different part of the world are not treated fairly in their work place because of their race, nationality, creed, sexual orientation, background, age or even disability but it is essential for every organization that all people are treated with respect. If individuals treated unfairly or inaccessible by their managers or other employee because of their race, nationality, cultural differences and other reason , company will loss productivity. Cultural diversity plays a vital role to reach out on a worldwide level for an organization which has a varied or diverse group of employee. Managing diversity focus organisation to obtain a better perceptive of how other cultures do business which is a fundamental element for doing business in todays worldwide marketplace. Developing diversity provides different types of ideas from different people and variety of viewpoints give larger pool of idea that can provide a competitive edge in company. All Successful and winning company need to take urgent action to establish managing diversity in the workplace. 3.1 Managing culturally diverse workforce of Emirates Airlines: In todays global market managers of every organisation should focus on culturally diverse workplace or employees in order to increase organizational effectiveness. In the Middle East, Emirates Airlines also weigh up and evaluate diversity process which is a significant part of their management system. Emirates employee diversity of over 160 nationalities is a unique strength for them as a global organisation and their divers employees are from different nationalities, cultures, religious and ethnic backgrounds. Their diverse employees get new ideas, innovations and thinking styles which help them to lead the business to success (Emirates Group: Cultural Diversity, 2010). Emirates Airlines recruit and endorse or promote people without discrimination and treat all people with respect and give every employee with the opportunity to build up to the full. Emirates Airline ensures cultural diversity through the following means: Communication: Language plays an important factor to understand others. In a company where there is more than one native language or different cultural background, communication problems will arise. In some company they have interpreters but this double translation offers more opportunities for misunderstanding. In Emirates Airlines, they use international language English for communication and it is used within the industry throughout the world. As English is an international language and learn by different people from different countries Emirates use English as a common language to manage a culturally diverse workforce. The website of Emirates, recruitments process and advertisement is also done in English. Equal opportunity: Equal opportunity means when all people in company are treated equally and fairly. In Emirates, they consider all people individually, treat them fairly and also provide opportunities for development and progression. As the management of Emirates treat their employees well, they too can treat each other with respect and provide best service to their clients. In Emirates Airlines men and women employees are treated equally and recruitment process provides both men and women an equal chance of selection. Recruitment: Emirates airlines recruit from a diversified workforce. They recruit both men and women and do not think that talented is the exclusive preserve of men, white population or their countrymen. Talent does not lie exclusively with the white men, Arabic, Asians or Chinese. The management of Emirates policy is only searching talented and suitable people. They are not bothered where these talentes came from, what is their religion, sex or culture. 3.2 Managing culturally diverse customers of Emirates Airlines: Managing culturally diverse customer is fundamental element for business because customer is business and without customer there is no business. Every organisation has its own cultural frame and successful leadership should shift ahead of its cultural structure of reference to support well-built intercultural communication and also produce and build up culturally designed or culturally considered services, products or goods that provide international standard. As Emirates presently fly to over 100  destinations in  60 countries around the world (The Emirates Story, 2010), it means they are serving or operating different origins and backgrounds with different work habit, different cultural attitudes, different ethnic group, multinational and diverse people.    Communication: Effective communication are fundamental for the success of business, it is in terms of advertising company products and services which is provided by company to their clients. Emirates must know what their customers want and also listen to other business contact, such as banker, investor or supplier. If Emirates does not know what their customers want, then it is impossible to create business market. For providing good service and creating understandable communication with their customer Emirates provide international language. Their customers are diversed; in this case they use English which is understandable for all types of people. When people have communication problem then it creats a great disaster for their future business, company will not exit because they have failed to make relationship with their customers. Food service The cultures of Emirates are Middle Eastern culture. They provide Arabic style food which is really tasty and they give very open-handed portions. Their food taste has already attracted different religious, different ethnic group and different customers from different cultural backgrounds. As Emirates follows Islamic food handling procedures, so in their flight they never serve alcohol so that if passengers want they may serve themselves. Travel House UK on Wednesday 11 August, 2010 posted that during Ramadan period they provided iftar to their customers. According to travel news (2010) Emirates Vice President Aircraft Catering of Emirates Robin Padgett told that even as they take pride in their cultural diversity, the foundation of Emirates is based on Islamic culture so they are committed to ensuring that their Muslim passengers are well looked after during the holy month of Ramadan and their non-fasting passengers will continue to enjoy the world-class meals that Emirates provide globally. 4.0 Effective Management, Leadership and Motivation across culture: In todays business leaders should know how to lead and motivate workforces across many diverse cultural backgrounds and take action to the requirements and expectations of different types of customers those who come from different cultures. Management is a process and company activities which involves getting people together to achieve wanted goals and objectives economically and effectively. Principles of effective management based on planning, organizing or directing and controlling. Planning is an important element for effective management and it is a process, determines what action needs to be done to achieve company goal and what their future goal is. Organising and directing involves employee of company and resources like finance, materials and time. Organising is a way in which work is done. An effective management always organises and direct that employees are engaged in working on performance to meet plan and goal of company. It also involves motivating staff because motivating employee is the way to the determined hard work which is needed for efficient performance. Organizational relationship is important for effective management. Companies are concern about cultural diversity because almost every organisation operates different types of people from different ethnic group or multicultural that means company operates diverse customers and diverse employees. An effective management always focus on customer satisfaction because customers are the main element for their business, without customer business cannot exist. If the management focus on diverse employees in their organisation and give them equal opportunity they can get the idea how to deal with diverse customers which is beneficial for global business. Controlling is the way of monitoring and modifiable performance to ensure that it conforms to the plans and the goals of the company and involves taking the proper corrective act to make sure that what is really phenomenon or happening is in accordance with the expectations of planning process. Effective management is not only selected according to the culture of business but also with the environment of workforce. Management style run by a leader, so effective leadership is essential to create effective management. Management is not possible without a suitable leader. According to Fullan M. (2001), effective leadership has to have a clear making-a-difference sense of purpose, bring into play strategies that assemble many people to solve problems, be held responsible by calculated and arguable indicators of success and be eventually assessed by the amount to which it awakens peoples basic commitment which is none other than the mobilizing of everyones sense of moral purpose. Effective leader has to have clear idea how to deal with diverse people; he is democratic and encourages his employees in decision making process which help him to make relation with his employee, more concerned with communicating vision and also succeed by motivating, encouraging, stimulating and connecting their employees. A good leader knows how to motivate his employee who comes from different cultural background. In an organisation people have the right equipment, right knowledge, skills and abilities and the right type of organisational framework. But even after that they need something which drives them willing to do the work for the success of company or organisation. According to Peters and Waterman (1982) pointed that management should be dedicated to the motivation of its human resources and successful companies stress strategies which empower employees and give them control of their work and their work environment. Jacson, T. (1995) said that work motivation can be accredited to the nature of person needs and to the allocation by managers of work related outcomes perceived by employees as both valid and relevant. 4.1 Impact of Emirates Airlines Motivation, Management and leadership Styles Today Emirates airline has gain competitive position and getting market place by their effective management and leadership. The leadership of emirates airlines are based on the leadership style of family. Emirates airlines leadership analysis(2009), found that Emirates leadership style are democratic which means their management encourage other members to connect themselves and other members of the conglomerate especially the shareholders are engage to take the final decision. Leaders of Emirates are motivating employees; motivation is their way to inspire their employees to do willingly which help the company to get marvellous success in airlines market. Under different situations, individual will respond differently. Now Emirates have been operating flights in different cities all over the world and corporate plan gives importance with the diversity of their stakeholders, specifically with their clients. They are also dedicated with the diversity of their clients and their management approach are diverse which involves that the clients and communities of Emirates obtain marvellous service and their fervent and committed staff and employees provide very good service to their clients. According to Emirates airlines leadership analysis (2009), the present move of Emirates Airliners is to set itself as an airline industry leader with a focus strategy in the airline industry. Emirates Airlines aims to expand their business to reach more clients which will enable them to be more profitable. Their management are customer focus, they know that if they involves huge amount of money they will get marvellous profit and by this Emirates can gain a competitive position in air market. Change management are very important because it allow the company to adjust with the stable changes in the worldwide market. Emirates leader have declared a major misshapen in the company. Their change is to develop their airline services and by means of more enhanced information technology system. These technologies have led to a boost within the community of the airline industry which allow them to have more employees from different countries. The key elements of continuing business success of Emirates are not only their management but also their employment of high quality multi-cultural team who come more than 160 nationalities (Cultural diversity: Emirates Group, 2010). Emirates Group (2010), article states that Emirates effective management and talented leaders help employees to become one of the worlds best airhostess winning more than 400 awards which help them to recognize a name for superiority in aviation and travel industry. The successful Executive Chairman of Emirates, H H Sheikh Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum who thinks that sponsorship is fundamental in the airlines marketing strategy and it is one of the best way to incorporate with passengers or clients which allows Emirates to share and support their customers or consumers comfort and to construct a high valued personal relationship with their stakeholders. Rick Helliwell, the vice president recruitment of Emirates (sponsorship, About Emirates Group, 2010) pointed that the broad range of worldwide sponsorships that the airline supports parallels the variety of the employees on the airline and in Emirates as there are a huge amount of diverse employee who comes from 140 nationalities working together and their high performance team competing internationally are able to provide the customer superior services and best products. Now it can be said that Emirates management and leadership make an impact for them to become one of the worlds fastest growing a irlines. 5.0 Recommendation and conclusion: It can be said that in competitive and worldwide accepted airline market, Emirates Airline has been capable to have a competitive and well-known position by its effective management and leadership in Dubai and global recognised airline industry. It is recommended that the diverse employee of Emirates must be able to give superior service to their customers, because their effective leadership have been able to bring jointly a vast number of individuals with miscellaneous background which is a powerful team and a source of strength. To provide superior services to their clients, they have recruited talented and superior people from different countries or different ethnic group or different culture. It is also recommended that their management must do more in working with diverse people. The leadership should provide new ideas which are beneficial for the company and every time the company upgrade their service delivery to provide number one services to their customer. Emirates need to empower its employees to get profit and competitive position in competitive global business market. To enhance the satisfaction of employees, the leadership can choose to send some of their staff on continuous professional training which will expose them to new idea, better motivated and will also help to make good relation among employee and leader. It is recommended that the strategic management of Emirates Airlines give significance with the diversity of their stakeholders, especially with their customers, because the diversification management systems provide excellent services and products to their clients by their trained, fervent and enthusiastic staffs and employees. The strategic management should do more to guide Emirates from the motivation theory and challenges and opportunities which appear in the market environment as they have done in the latest of the 2000s if they are to build on their successes.

Intellectual Property :: Star Trek Trekkie Websites Essays

Intellectual Property As I begin this narrative, readers will have to understand that I have been and always will be a Trekkie. The very first movie I was ever taken to see was Star Trek III: The Search for Spock. I was six months old and I did nothing but scream the entire time, but the fascination has nonetheless been there my entire life, and there is no twelve-step program to help me recover. That having been said, you might have some degree of understanding when I say that Viacom’s attempts in 1997 to eliminate all use of copyrighted material on fan sites, ranging from still pictures to movie and sound clips to the logos themselves, was war for me. For Viacom, the issue was that these copyrighted images were used at all. This spawned a whole host of further crackdowns and lawsuits in similar kingdoms of fanatics across the web. The situation I just described to you, while probably not the best example of the internet’s general abuse of intellectual property, is one of the earliest examples. Proper accreditation and documentation is a widespread problem on the internet, particularly now that the internet has grown in use and popularity. The internet hosts websites that directly violate the concept of intellectual property in ways that no other tool ever can. If copyrighted graphics or sound appear on any website trying to convey a message, particularly if these are recognizable to an average member of the site’s target audience, the validity of that argument is subconsciously undermined by the unaccredited presence of someone else’s ideas. For web writers, one solution to this dilemma seems to be to avoid copyrighted material as much as possible and create original content. â€Å"This content does not need to be entirely dissimilar from a copyrighted work you would have liked to use. Copyright law protects the expression of ideas, not the ideas themselves† (Farkas & Farkas 349). But this solution creates problems with recreational forms of websites. Those built by fans of a popular TV show, for instance, have no personal photos of their favorite actors and actresses and inevitably rely on scanned publicity photos and content from official sites to populate their galleries and create their custom graphics. This example might then fall under the fair use defense, which â€Å"has to make the case that [use] of the copyrighted work of another should be legally permitted, notwithstanding the copyright owner's exclusive rights in her work† (George Washington).

Observations Essay

Just like the process science proceeds through, the stepping stones to reaching the deepest understanding of one’s own personality, follow the same distinct pathway. The first step into anything, including both scientific understanding as well as the understanding of one’s personality, is to observe our surroundings. The way one can do this is by using solely one’s unassisted five natural senses (taste, smell, touch, sight, and hearing, but one can also do this with items that can enhance and assist our five senses. These observations are also called unsystematic observations. The second step in this process is called building theories which is doing exactly what it says, creating a theory. This is accomplished by collecting and analyzing the observations that were discovered in step one. In the third step, evaluating propositions, one takes the theories from step two that derived from the observations gathered in step one, this is tested through a process call ed the context of justification. This is where one attempts to justify why the theory may or may not be true as well as using observations to prove or disprove one’s theories. The term personality is defined as, the combination of different traits or qualities that form an individual’s distinct character. There are theories of the personality as well such as, trait theories, psychodynamic theories, behavioral theories, and humanist theories. Trait theories suggest that there are a limited number of personality types that are influenced by biological factors. Psychodynamic theories emphasize the influence of the unconscious mind of the personality. Behavioral theories suggest that the personality is formed through and are the result of an individual’s interaction with their environment. Humanist theories emphasize the importance of free will and individual experience in  the personality’s development. Based on the newly acquired knowledge about unsystematic observation, building theories, and evaluating propositions as well as the already known knowledge of the personality, I can apply these suggested processes to better understand my own personality. I have a real issue with road rage, and by using unsystematic observations I have noticed what things tend to trigger my road rage, such as people tailgating me, the way I drive personally, and the type of environments I tend to have to drive around in while on the go. I also observed my reactions to these situations and have begun to develop a theory and have been building a theory based off my observations. I have noticed I tend to be impatient in similar high pressure situations such as crowded areas and close contact situations, like malls and stores, which is very similar to when I am driving. I then have been to begin evaluating the propositions through the context of justification and have found that my observations have proven that my road rage results from my impatience in high pressure and close contact situations. Work Cited: http://psychology.about.com/od/overviewofpersonality/a/persondef.htm PART I THE BACKGROUND: PERSONS, HUMAN NATURE, AND CULTURE, Copyright  © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Roberts,Ashley Week 1 CheckPoint: Observations Write a 200- to 300-word response to the following: How have you used the scientific process (unsystematic observation, building theories, and evaluating propositions) in your life to better understand your personality? Provide an example in your response.

Mirror by Sylvia Plath, Analysis

In the Poem ‘Mirror’ by Sylvia Plath, there is a continuing theme of change. In the beginning the changes are simple, like the acts of day turning to night, but at the end we see the life changes of a woman in particular. Through the use of metaphor and personification in the poem, Plath creates images of water, reflections, and colors as having human characteristics to emphasize the strong theme of change throughout the poem. From the beginning of the poem, we see that it revolves around water. We find out that the mirror is â€Å"unmisted† and â€Å"swallows† everything. We see that by the end of the poem, a girl is drowning and a fish is rising to take over her. In the poem water is both a reflecting surface and an actual lake. So, water, in this poem, is both clear and mysterious. In line 2 the word â€Å"swallow† is used as a metaphor for reflecting. The word makes us think of water, which can itself swallow things, taking them beneath its surface. In lines 10-11 we find out that the mirror is a lake, shifting from the silver of a mirror to the silver of clear water. After that we see that a woman is searching the reaches of the water for who she really is. Later on in line 14, the tears of the woman are another form of water, and she is physically interacting with the water of the lake by stirring it up in her hands. In lines 17-18 the young girl is drowning, and the old woman is rising. It seems most likely that the water is a metaphor for time, or aging. (Shmoop Editorial Team) From silver to pink to moonlight, this poem uses colors and light to give the reader images as they read about a mirror. In line 1 the color gives the major clue that the speaker is not a person, but a personified mirror. Since this is the first line, we think of the color silver throughout the poem whenever we think of the mirror. In lines 7-8 the mirror is silver, but now we get the image of the pink wall, that the mirror most often reflects. Later in line 8, we find out that this speckled pink wall is like part of the mirror's heart, which leads us to think of the color red. In line 9 we get our first glimpse of darkness, which separates the mirror from the pink wall. The mirror also mentions that faces play a part in this separation. Later in the poem we hear that, the candles and the moon are liars, and that the light that they provide is false. The mirror's declaration personifies the candles and the moons, giving them human qualities, like the ability to lie. (Shmoop Editorial Team) In a poem about a mirror, we can expect a lot of reflections. Plath only uses the word â€Å"reflect† once, though. Instead of just repeating this word again and again, she uses personification and metaphor to get her point across. The emphasis on reflections in this poem shows the importance of appearance to the woman in the poem. Line 2 is also an example of personification because mirrors don't see or swallow anything but Plath's poem makes this character so believable that we have to remind ourselves that mirrors don't have eyes or mouths. In line 6 the metaphor is that the mirror is reflecting the opposite wall, not â€Å"meditating on† it and the personification is that mirrors don't meditate, but people do. In lines 7-8 we have another example of personification used to create a metaphor for reflection because mirrors don't see and they don't look. In line 11 the mirror is a lake, and a woman is searching its waters to learn something about herself. The woman is treating her reflection in the water as if it could reveal something about herself, and not just her appearance. (Shmoop Editorial Team) In line 13 Plath used the word reflect but not without some personification. The mirror is providing an accurate reflection, as if it takes pride in what it does, or as if it has some loyalty to this woman that is constantly looking at herself. In lines 18-19 we see reflections physical power; however this power is only a figurative. There is a young girl and a figurative old woman in the waters of the lake. This line takes reflections from being about present appearances and makes them about past and future appearances, all through the metaphor of drowning and rising in the waters of the lake. By this evidence through the poem in its entirety, the theme clearly stands out in the poem; and the use of metaphor and personification give abundant evidence that the poem is directed toward a theme of change.

The Anthropology of Terrorism

Since the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, â€Å"terrorism† has been a word that every American has used daily. It has been eleven years since these attacks, and our country is still at war, and we use terms like â€Å"acts of terror† to justify our invasion of their civilian space. Personally, I do not care much for conspiracy theories, but I was interested to know a little bit more about the Islamic culture that these â€Å"terrorists† stem from. While the majority of the population of Iraq and Afghanistan are practicing Muslims, they can not all be defined as â€Å"terrorists. In all actuality, a lot of them may define Americans and other westernized countries with seemingly unlimited war powers as â€Å"terrorist† groups. There are many differences from the American view of acts of terror, the Iraqi view of acts of terror, and the view of how those who commit crimes of terror see their own actions. I think it v ery important that American civilians, especially those who are not well educated on our foreign policies and the current war situation, take time to see how Iraqi civilians and the Muslim population view the September 11 acts of terror, and the subsequent war compared to those who chose to commit these acts.I think that most would be surprised when they find that the Islamic religion does not actually promote those extensive â€Å"acts of terror† that they do not support the extremist groups like Al Quaeda, and that our presence in their civilian areas, like market places may not be necessary or productive for their day-to-day routines. In order for many people to understand these differing viewpoints on terrorism, I think it is important to focus on how different people may define an act of terror.In December of 1994, the Unite Nations General Assembly Resolution 49/60, â€Å"Measures to Eliminate International Terrorism,† describes terrorism as: â€Å"Criminal acts intended or calculated to provoke a state of terror in the general public, a group of persons or particular persons for political purposes are in any circumstance unjustifiable, whatever the considerations of a political, philosophical, ideological, racial, ethnic, religious or any other nature that may be invoked to justify them. Later, in 2004 at UN Security Council Resolution 1566 a definition is given, stating acts of terror are: Criminal acts, including against civilians, committed with the intent to cause death or serious bodily injury, or taking of hostages, with the purpose to provoke a state of terror in the general public or in a group of persons or particular persons, intimidate a population or compel a government or an international organization to do or to abstain from doing any act.The United Nations adds to the definition again in 2005 at a panel, stating the definition of terrorism as: Any act intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non- comba tants with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a government or an international organization to do or abstain from doing any act. (â€Å"Various Definitions of Terrorism†) The United Nations has no official definition of terrorism, because some would argue that there is no real distinction between a â€Å"terrorist† and a â€Å"freedom fighter. Therefore, the United Nation’s descriptions of the term are vague and always include that terrorism is â€Å"intimidating† or that it â€Å"provokes terror† on a group of people. The first description listed comments on the justification of these acts, which most others do not. Now, I would like to point out the differences in he definitions that are released by the Arabic Community and the united States. In 1998, the Arab Convention for the Suppression of Terrorism was implemented by the Council of Arab Ministers of the Interior and the Council of Arab Ministers of Justice in Cairo, Egyp t.They defined terrorism at this convention as: Any act or threat of violence, whatever its motives or purposes, that occurs in the advancement of an individual or collective criminal agenda and seeking to sow panic among people, causing fear by harming them, or placing their lives liberty or security in danger, or seeking to cause damage to the environment or to public or private installations or property or to occupying or seizing them, or seeking to jeopardize national resources. â€Å"Various Definitions of Terrorism†) The United States has many different definitions of terrorism in almost every government organization’s code. In Federal Criminal Code Title 18 of the United States defines terrorism and lists the crimes associated with terrorism.In Section 2331 of Chapter 113(B), defines terrorism as: †¦activities that involve violent†¦ or life-threatening acts†¦ that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any State and†¦ appear to be intended (i) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; (ii) to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or (iii) to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping; and†¦(C) occur primarily within the territorial jurisdiction of the United States†¦Ã¢â‚¬  FBI definition of terrorism:The unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a Government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. The definition of terrorism used in the United States Army Field Manual FM 3-0, form 2001 is: The calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear. It is intended to coerce or intimidate governments or societies †¦ [to attain] political, religious, or ideological goals.The Dictionary of Military Terms used by the Department of Defense defines terrorism as: The calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological. (â€Å"Various Definitions of Terrorism†) I think the difference in the way our governments define a term that the United Nations finds so debatable shows a huge cultural difference in where the priorities for our countries lie.Obviously, since the September 11 attacks, the United States has spent an extensive amount of time coming up with more and more to add to the definition of terrorism and have worked to almost make ourselves seem like more of the victim. Our Federal Code includes mass destruction and assassination, but states that it primarily occurs within the United Stated jurisdiction. This is open to interpretation, as is all code, but it basically means that we are always the victim of acts of terror and can hardly ever be accused of committing the crime.H owever, in the FBI definition, it says that terrorism is using violence and force to coerce a government and its civilians of political and social objectives. Are we not using force and asserting ourselves on the Iraqi government, and every other government that we have been at war with? Has it not all been for a political gain? Then the military definitions add that actions can only be defined in that way if they are being committed for political, religious, or ideological reasons. However, I think that most Americans, if asked would only include religion in the definition.We have been trained to think that way, to only see terrorism as acts of Jihad, extremist Muslims. Americans, since I can remember have always been extremely proud. We are all truly blessed to come from a country that has a strong military backbone, free, accessible education, a comparably thriving economy, and the opportunity for social mobility. That being said, the majority of Americans are very ignorant and o ne-sided on a lot of political issues. Most are content with obtaining the easily accessible information from the news or internet and word of mouth.Most do not take the time to educate themselves on social issues that they comment on daily. This is why people are so opposed to those who practice Islam using their first amendment right to freedom of religion, especially in the south where most are extremely prejudiced. The news and the coverage of the September 11 attacks and the war are to blame for this phenomenon of fearing those who are different. In Packaging Terrorism: Co-opting the News for Politics and Profit, Susan Miller criticizes the way the media chooses which stories to run. â€Å"Threats, danger, fear.These words grab the attention of the readers and that’s what the media want. Your attention. Be afraid. Be very afraid. † She shows that there are many more options of global stories that our local news stations could run, but those that involve Americans or anything involving conflict in the Middle East, or even stories of al-Qaeda action in other countries, will get higher ratings as â€Å"Big Stories† over stories like the huge crisis of bombings in Mumbai in 2006, which is a place and event that Americans, in general, have no solid connection to.However, our society is also very vain, and there are even international events that are very important to us and the action in the Middle East that constantly get trumped by â€Å"larger† domestic stories. A 2006 suicide bombing of the Golden Mosque, which was close to triggering an Iraqi civil war was overshadowed by the Winter Olympics that year. A 2005 bombing was completely overshadowed by the kidnapping of Natalee Holloway in Aruba. The American people are more likely to be interested in our domestic actions than the stories of foreign events, especially when these events seem to run together and are so similar every time they are covered.One thing that is extremely co ntroversial in covering those true acts of terror is the fact that most terrorists really want the attention on them. If someone is taken hostage and taped, or there is a huge event, like the 9/11 attacks, those who commit these actions are doing so for the attention, and for the media to show these events to the public, some can argue that those who share the news are just giving them what they most desire: to have all eyes on them.There is also an opinion, however, that if this footage is shown, it will show Americans the true brutality of the people who our military is fighting against, and that it will show that there truly is a threat, encouraging Americans to further support our military and create a unifying experience that promotes patriotism. This was shown in the case of the kidnapping of reporter, Daniel Pearl in Pakistan in 2002 by al-Qaeda operative Khalid Shiekh Mohammad. The video of his execution was made available to news networks, and a portion of Pearl speaking wa s shown on CBS.The full video shows his throat being slit and his severed head held up with a voiceover speaking out against the â€Å"enemies of Islam. † After much debate of whether or not the video should be seen by the public, whether it would violate the rights of Pearl’s grieving family, and whether the American people should be allowed to be exposed to witnessing a person’s murder, Peter Kadizis and Stephen Mindich of the Boston Phoenix posted a link to the video with a note above stating, â€Å"This is the single most gruesome, horrible, despicable, and horrifying thing I’ve ever seen. . That our government and others throughout the world, who have had this tape for some time have remained silent is nothing less than an act of shame†( Moeller). While our media is the largest source of information for Americans and is the largest reason that Americans have an instilled fear of anyone of the Islamic religion, the USA Patriot Act passed in 200 1 as a response to the terrorist attacks is one of the triggers that set off this fear, and is a constant reminder of the attack.This Act was instated based on the theory that if there is a threat to national security, the public is more willing to allow for harsher policies and increased restrictions of civil liberties. The Act includes reduced restrictions in law enforcement agencies' gathering of intelligence within the United States; expanded the Secretary of the Treasury’s authority to regulate financial transactions, particularly those involving foreign individuals and entities; and broadened the discretion of law enforcement and immigration authorities in detaining and deporting immigrants suspected of terrorism-related acts.Even though support for the Patriot Act has decreased, though not dramatically (from 60% classifying it as â€Å"necessary† in 2001, to a 39% in 2006), President Barack Obama signed a four-year extension of the act to include, searches of bu siness records that would assist in an investigation undertaken to protect against international terrorism, and surveillance of â€Å"lone wolves,† individuals suspected of terrorist-related activities not linked to terrorist groups. (Borgeson, Valeri). This, eleven years later is an act that is still perfectly in tact, and is still restricting our rights.It isn’t the most invasive law, but it does hang over the heads of those who do business internationally and those who immigrated form other countries, because they are constantly under the threat of being watched and studied by the government. Since Americans have media coverage and restrictions that help to shape the idea of terrorism and the way we perceive terrorism and acts of violence, it is only logical to realize that the Iraqi people, have their own way of defining Terrorism in their country.It is important to realize, when analyzing their views, that the United States have been seen as a threatening force to them for the past eleven years by imposing on their land and declaring warfare on their former leader and having our military staying within their civilian quarters. Though Iraq has been liberated for the past five years, American troops were just recently sent home, and they are suffering from terrorist attacks against them from other outside forces as well.Most of those who practice the Islamic religion believe that warfare should only be used to suppress rebellion or to defend against imposing armies. They do not believe in starting wars, because the punishment is not in their hands, violence should only be used for protection. Yousuf Baadarani, a popular writer defending the Islamic culture, states in an interview with Asia Times states, â€Å"Since Islam forbids terrorism, than no terrorist could be labeled Islamic. He would have had to abandon the Islamic path to become a terrorist† (Abedin).Jihad is only supposed to be used to protect the Islamic religion against thos e who attack it, not to create terror in those who do not practice Islam. This counters a popular theory Americans have that all Muslims are destined to commit acts of terror and that they are instilling values that promote suicide bombings and murder of those who do not practice Islam. Al-Qaeda was born out of Osama Bin Laden’s leftover defense force he gathered together for the Saudi Kingdom, but it was rejected after they allowed US troops to use Saudi Arabia after Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait.Al-Qaeda means â€Å"the basis† or â€Å"the base. † It is extremely difficult to find out the members of this organization and to figure out who is behind certain attacks. The chain of command is extremely difficult to follow. It has one goal: â€Å"to hit the West wherever and whenever it can, in order to further polarize the Muslim and Western worlds and effect an eventual victory of the Islamists, who claim leadership over the Muslim world†(Reuter).This terr orist group- and there is no debate from anyone as to whether or not they are a terrorist group- has committed too many suicide bombings and killings of innocent westerners to name. They are the group behind the infamous September 11 attacks, and are the ones who created all of the fear of terrorism in the United States. This group of people is founded on a basic principle: hate for all Westerners, and the desire to completely sever ties between those who practice Islam and Westerners.This is not a group based on jihad; the exception to the Islamic law against violence, which should only be allowed when defending the Islamic religion. It is simply a hate group against Westerners that wears a mask of religion. In conclusion, there is a lot that is not perceived correctly when it comes to the idea of terrorism. Every citizen of Iraq is not a terrorist, and neither is every member of the Muslim community. A select few extremists have ruined the reputation of a religion in the United St ates, with the help of the media and politics.I hope that every American citizen at some point realizes the difference between the terrorist attacks of September 11, and the Iraqi family that walks down the street. It is important to me and our country that people see that most Muslims do not support al-Qaeda and that the group of extremists is not practicing their religion properly. I hope that people will start to realize the importance of getting information from other sources than the popular media and that some will start to look up more information on important domestic and international events.Most of all, I hope that I have been able to properly compare viewpoints on terrorism in different parts of the world accurately. Bibliography Abedin, Mahan. â€Å"Asia Times Online :: Middle East News, Iraq, Iran current affairs. † Asia Times Online :: Asian news hub providing the latest news and analysis from Asia. N. p. , 29 Dec. 2009. Web. 5 Dec. 2012. Arena, Michael P. , and Bruce A. Arrigo. The terrorist identity: explaining the terrorist threat. New York: New York University Press, 2006. Print. Baudrillard, Jean. The spirit of terrorism and requiem for the Twin Towers.London: Verso, 2002. Print. Borgeson, Kevin , and Robin Valeri. Terrorism In America. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2009. Print. Moeller, Susan D.. Packaging terrorism: co-opting the news for politics and profit. Chichester, U. K. : Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. Print. Reuter, Christoph. My life is a weapon: a modern history of suicide bombing. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004. Print. Various Definitions of Terrorism. † Department of Emergency & Military Affairs (DEMA). DEMA, n. d. Web. 5 Dec. 2012.